Applying audition systems from the performing arts to R&D funding mechanisms: quality control in collaboration among the academic, public, and private sectors in Japan

The Japanese government has recently launched a number of new research funding schemes. We are already familiar with two types of funding mechanisms: non-targeted research funding channeled into the academic sector through a system of peer-review selection, and establishment of independent laboratories designed to meet specific demands in the manner frequently practiced by government laboratories and private firms. The government’s new schemes are distinct from both these mechanisms. This paper examines how these schemes differ from their predecessors, and seeks to clarify them generally. In addition, an audition system, a third type of funding mechanism that addresses social needs by channeling research resources in university–industry–government networks, is introduced. This system centers on a producer who unites the sponsors and research community. Sponsors control the research funds devoted to social needs, and the research community contributes its research capabilities. Finally, the system attempts to harmonize social goals with the behavior patterns of researchers. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.